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婦科醫生論文賞析八篇

發布時間:2023-03-22 17:38:15

序言:寫作是分享個人見解和探索未知領域的橋梁,我們為您精選了8篇的婦科醫生論文樣本,期待這些樣本能夠為您提供豐富的參考和啟發,請盡情閱讀。

婦科醫生論文

第1篇

論文摘要:隨著教育事業發展,圖書館工作核心已逐漸從為讀者服務到主動引導讀者獲取適當的知識。圖書館的日常運作已不能滿足新功能發展的需要,項目管理把人力、財力、物力進行集中,具有目標性強、效率高、操作性強等特點,以項目管理的方式既能維持圖書館傳統功能,又能更好地開拓圖書館新功能。 

    循規蹈矩的管理方式可以為人們提供一個長期有效的環境,然而隨著社會、信息技術的發展,組織環境不斷地發生變化,基于項目的組織越來越普遍,基于項目的管理也逐漸成為新一代的通用管理模式。圖書館事業的發展正面臨著許多改變、機遇、挑戰,把項目管理的一些概念和方法引用到圖書館管理中,可以使圖書館提高管理效率和排除一些管理中的障礙。 

1、項目管理的基本概念 

1. 1項目的定義 

    項目是一種努力(endeavor),它以一種新的方式將人力、財力和物資進行組織,完成由獨特范圍定義的工作,使工作結果符合特定的規格要求,同時滿足時間和成本的約束條件。項目具有定量和定性的目標,實現項目目標就是能夠實現有利的變化。 

1.2項目管理的特質 

    以目標為導向的管理思路;管理方法具有普遍意義,可應用于各個行業:管理過程模塊化,具有可“重復”應用的性質,易于移植;系統的管理方法有一定的標準體系。 

1. 3項目管理的優勢 

    有助于實現組織的戰略目標:規范的管理方法,降低組織的管理成本;利于組織人才的培養及提升企業的凝聚力;明確的管理過程,使管理結構更加扁平化,提高管理效率。 

1. 4項目管理的過程 

    項目管理是一個一次性的、漸進的、系統的過程,它主要分為:(1)啟動過程;(2)計劃過程;(3)執行過程;(4)控制過程;(5)結束過程。 

2、圖書館開展項目管理的必要性 

    一個組織之所以做項目,是因為在實施計劃的過程中,一段時間后,發展的方向會逐漸偏離目標。如果圖書館的目標是更好地為讀者服務,進一步的是引導讀者獲取相應的信息,在實際的工作中,往往不能滿足讀者的要求,不能履行引導讀者獲取信息的功能或一些矛盾,如采用項目管理的方式,會使計劃落差縮小,如圖1。 

    在圖書館的管理中,往往缺少計劃和目標,都是一些日常的管理。這些不利于圖書館與社會發展接軌與創新。雖然圖書館不是以經濟利益為目標,但以項目的方式開展一些工作,必定會使圖書館的發展有所創新和得以持續性發展。 

3、圖書館的一些功能滿足項目管理的特質 

3. 1研究生撰寫論文進行專題服務 

    圖書館應為研究生提供足夠的信息檢索點,編制各種專題目錄,提供最新期刊信息通報、索引、文摘等二次文獻以及提供專題綜述、圖書評述等三次文獻,建立學位論文數據庫等。每年研究生論文撰寫有高峰期,研究的具體方向也不同,有新增的專業,有國內國際新的研究成果,都需要一個專門的項目管理團隊來完成。其目標就是更好地服務于研究生,創造質量更高的研究生論文,提高學校教學質量。 

3. 2科研項目提供重點服務 

    每個科研項目都有一定的截止日期,各個方向的不同都需要專業的人士提供信息,項目管理運用在各個方向科研項目中,提高質量與速度。 

3. 3圖書館特色數據庫的建設 

    圖書館數據庫的開發,往往有一定的周期性,開展起來需要一定的經費和資源。按照項目管理的模式,可對成本進行估算、控制、管理現金流等。 

3. 4圖書館組織的各種學生活動 

    例如每年的講座等都可以由項目的形式展開。 

3. 5圖書館人才培養等管理工作 

    在圖書館所有日常管理中,圖書館的人才培養是最適合開展項目的。圖書館一直存在吸收高級人才難的問題,對圖書館現有人才進行培養,可為圖書館的發展提供人才。圖書館人才培養可按年為時間單位,開展不同內容和不同層次的培訓,對培訓的結果還可進行考核和評估。 

4、項目管理方式開展圖書館工作的步驟 

4. 1項目規劃與計劃 

    首先要組建團隊,團隊的成員必須了解獲取圖書館信息途徑,和一定的專業背景和協調能力;其次是計劃為服務對象開展哪些服務,為研究生和教職工撰寫論文提供服務,內容可有以下幾個方面:(1)咨詢服務,為服務對象提供面對面服務,包括介紹、指導服務對象研究方向的館藏資源等;(2)整理、編寫相關專業的二次文獻,最新研究動向等;(3)與采購部門聯系引進服務對象需要的資源;(4)開展論文寫作講座或交流等活動;(5)建設與學校專業相關的特色論文數據庫;(6)幫助服務對象進行科技查新工作;(7)對一些服務進行合理收費工作;(8)在館內設立研究生論文撰寫教室,配備相關計算機等資源,為學生與指導教師提供交流的平臺等。 

4. 2項目組織形成 

    由于項目的一次性與獨特性的特點,在決定一個項目以后,就需要根據這一項目的具體情況,建立項目的管理班子,負責項目的實施、費用控制、時間控制和質量控制,按項目的目標去實現項目。按照組織結構的基本原理和模式,項目的組織結構也可分為線性的項目組織結構、職能的項目組織結構和矩陣的項目結構等若干形式。項目管理組織的結構實質上決定了項目管理班子實施項目獲取所需資源的可能方法與相應的權力,不同的項目組織結構對項目的實施會產生不同的影響。由于圖書館開展的項目相對比較單純,也不是以純粹的經濟利益為目的,可采取線形和職能相結合的形式,見圖2。 

4. 3項目實施及控制 

4. 3. 1對項目進行資源分配 

   每個組織的人力資源配置都有一定的限額。當圖書館開展項目的時候,不可能專門配置項目人員。對資源的分配要避免“按人員分配工作還是按工作分配人員”的風險。以為研究生、教職工撰寫論文及開展課題提供服務為例。見圖2,項目組長直接向館長負責,主要由組長服務對象,由組織成員收集信息、整理信息及一些服務服務對象的工作。組織成員可由各部門的人員參加,如采編,信息,流通等部門,組織成員最好具有外語、計算機及其他專業知識背景、對本部門工作熟悉,便于開展工作,由項目組長協調工作。 

4.3. 2實施計劃 

    實施計劃的過程主要包括:對將進行的活動進行計劃安排,包括估算工作內容和工期,在工作范圍內對活動進行日程安排等:對工作授權;描述活動的日程安排和描述時間進度。以為研究生、教職工撰寫論文及開展課題提供服務為例,項目組成后,在實施的過程中由項目組長對工作進行安排,定義團隊,組織工作人員進行工作。 

4. 3. 3分配工作 

    當工作即將開展時,要明確每個項目成員的工作職責、范圍及時間等。以為研究生和教職工撰寫論文提供服務為例,分配工作包括:項目組長開展講座等活動、負責內部協調、擬訂研究方向、收集資料、科技查新及服務等工作,項目成員按照項目組長的要求,分別負責收集資料,制作數據庫,向項目組長提供信息、服務等工作。 

4. 3. 4有效控制 

    當項目被運行,我們必須確保它能取得預期的效果,以為研究生、教職工撰寫論文及開展課題提供服務為例,項目的運行是更好地服務于服務對象,從而提高論文的數量與質量。在項目的開展過程中,肯定會出現一些矛盾和困難使服務對象不能獲取相應的最新的信息或使服務對象不愿意接受服務。如果出現這樣大的偏差就采取糾正措施,這種結構化的方法就是控制,控制過程包含以下4個關鍵步驟:(1)指定計劃并估算執行情況;(2)檢測并報告結果;(3)將報告結果與計劃進行對比,并預計未來結果;(4)計劃并采取有效行動來修復原訂計劃,或者將偏差減少到最小,見圖3。 

第2篇

凌晨四點守在電話旁等待喜訊。這顯然不會是奧利弗?哈特第一次這樣做了。

無論是作為學者還是師長,奧利弗?哈特都無愧大家稱號。諾貝爾經濟學獎對他的褒獎,或許只是一份遲來的認可。 子不承父業

招牌的露齒微笑,嚴苛的治學態度。哈特在同行與學生的眼中是一名良師益友。探尋其未來的功成名就,早期良好的家庭教育顯然非常重要。

哈特出身名門望族,祖輩Samuel Montagu是一位銀行家和政治家,曾擔任多年的英國眾議院議員,并被授予貴族爵位。哈特教授的父親Philip D'Arcy Hart則是英國知名的內科醫學家,在治療肺結核方面貢獻突出,以106歲的高壽辭世。其母親Ruth Meyer是一位婦科醫生。

與經商的家族企業不同,知識分子的家族傳承通常不會要求家族后代必須從事某一項工作,而是秉承家族的一貫精神。因此從小對數學感興趣的哈特,并未遵循祖輩與父輩的足跡,去涉足政治或是醫療行業。

這一傳統在哈特家族仍在延續。他的兩個兒子Daniel和Benjamin都不在經濟學界。哈特的妻子說,孩子們應該選擇自己喜歡的事業。哈特教授醉心于經濟學研究,她可不希望一家人在一起只能討論經濟學。

1969年,哈特從英國劍橋大學國王學院畢業,并獲得了數學學士學位,這也為他日后成為一名理論派經濟學家奠定了扎實的基礎。在讀大學時,哈特開始對經濟學產生了興趣,于是轉攻經濟學,并于1972年在英國華威大學獲得經濟學碩士學位。 年少成名

眾所周知,諾貝爾經濟學獎得主基本上都被理論經濟學家所承包,而從數學專業轉投經濟學的經濟學家更是不在少數。

隨后,哈特來到了執經濟學研究牛耳的美國,而彼時正值資本主義黃金發展的窗口期,經濟學也迎來了百家爭鳴的繁榮格局。風險決策理論、博弈論、信息經濟學和企業理論等微觀經濟學新分支,如雨后春筍般不斷涌現。這些理論研究學派的大本營之一普林斯頓大學,成為了哈特向往的新目標。

于是,1972年哈特越過大西洋,來到美國普林斯頓大學求學,并于兩年后獲得經濟學博士學位。

博士畢業后,哈特榮歸故里,并在艾塞克斯大學擔任講師。對于學院派經濟學家而言,博士畢業后的幾年是一個人決定其學術地位的關鍵時期。年輕的哈特博士在畢業后的三年內,在國際頂級期刊雜志上先后發表了六篇關于不完全市場和金融市場均衡的優秀論文,在學術界初露崢嶸。

隨后哈特的身價水漲船高,并且受聘于劍橋大學丘吉爾學院。在之后的六年中,他繼續研究金融市場上的接管問題,并涉獵壟斷競爭理論。

由于哈特在學術界的高質高產,年僅31歲的他當選為世界計量經濟學會院士。而后,他還被倫敦經濟學院直接聘為正教授,跳過了副教授。1984年,哈特作為訪問學者來到了麻省理工學院,隨后正式定居美國,并入駐麻省理工學院經濟系擔任教授。

經過幾年的縱橫捭闔,哈特與其學術生涯最為重要的搭檔格羅斯曼合作的《所有權的成本與收益》一文發表。不多久,與莫爾合作的《產權與企業的本質》也問世。

兩篇論文從不完全契約的角度,分析了企業產權的新框架。奠定了其在不完全契約理論和企業的產權理論的領軍者地位。

也正是因為其在不完全契約理論方面的奠基性貢獻,哈特始終被視為近幾年諾獎經濟學獎的熱門人選。

而他本人也對此報以厚望,這也無怪乎今年諾獎致電通知他時,哈特表示:“這么晚還沒打電話,我以為今年我又錯過了呢”。 不完全契約的啟示

簡2007年諾獎得主埃里克?馬斯金并不十分認可哈特關于不完全契約的論述。他認為如果合同是不完備的,那么事先總能設計一個機制,能夠控制事后的爭議。

這一質疑正是哈特所研究理論的精髓所在。哈特認為,設計再完備,現實中的爭議終究難以避免。哈特曾表示,豐富理論經驗一定要看律師的判案,一旦你研究過法律案例,就會發現任何的合同都是有爭議的。

曾經師從哈特的人民大學經濟學院教授聶輝華介紹,契約理論就是將所有交易和制度都看作是一種契約(合同),在考慮信息不對稱的情況下,設計最優的契約來減少道德風險、逆向選擇和敲竹杠等問題,提高社會總福利。

例如,婚姻就是男女雙方之間的一種契約,這個契約隱性地假定雙方都要承擔家庭的義務,要對彼此忠貞,要共同撫養孩子。但是,事前雙方不可能想到婚后所有的情況,比如一旦發生財產糾紛怎么辦?一旦決策有分歧怎么辦?這些事情法律不會管得很具體,但是婚前雙方也沒法商量好,這就出現了不完全契約。

聶輝華介紹,根據哈特的理論,一旦契約不完全了,事后的控制權應該配置給對投資或總產出重要的一方,或者簡單地說權力應該安排給重要的一方。

因此,如果妻子對家庭收入的貢獻更大,那么一旦發生經濟決策方面的分歧,妻子擁有優先決定權。這保證了妻子有更大的激勵去增加收入,因為她知道自己的付出和控制權是匹配的,這就是所謂的激勵相容原理。

“如果雙方的利益是沖突的,那么就必須優先保證對總收入更重要的一方的利益,然后這一方可以對另一方進行補償,從而實現總收入最大化。”聶輝華說。

第3篇

At the beginning of 2015, Singer Yao Beina who was called “the beautiful voice of China” died of breast cancer. Among the sorry sound, the horrible words breast cancer came into the public eye again. How to effectively treat breast cancer is concerned and cared by more and more people and becomes a major issue of public health now. The pass away of Yao Beina struck a wake-up call for all the females, especially those “iron ladies” who are too busy to look after themselves, that they should slow down their steps and change unhealthy lifestyle to care their breasts and avoid horrible cancer.

2015年伊始,有著“中國好聲音”之稱的歌手姚貝娜因乳腺癌復發離開人世。在一片哀嘆惋惜聲中,乳腺癌這個可怕的名詞也隨之再次進入公眾視線,如何對乳腺癌進行有效防治受到越來越多人的關心與重視,成為當前社會的重大公共衛生問題。姚貝娜的去世,給廣大女性敲響了一記警鐘,尤其提醒那些忙碌于事業無暇顧及自身的“女強人”們,更應當放慢腳步,改變不好的生活方式,呵護自己的,遠離可怕的癌癥。

How far is breast cancer away from us?

乳腺癌離我們有多遠?

When heard breast cancer, maybe someone think it is just one of the cancers that will not come upon it easily. So they just keep on busy doing jobs and when heard stars died of breast cancer, they would stop say “what a pity” and continue to focus on the “unfinished business”. In fact, breast cancer is the most frequent cancer for females in the world and 99% of it happens to women and just 1% for men. According to the statistics of WHO, there were 1.7 million females diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012 and more than 520,000 died of it. In recent decades, the morbidity of breast cancer is increasing, at usual, it is faster in rich countries than in poor countries. At the same time, breast cancer also has a relatively high death rate among women that one of eight cancer death cases is breast cancer. The statistics of WHO shows that, since 2008, the breast cancer case is increasing over 20% annually and that of its death rate is 14%.

The morbidity of breast cancer is varied worldwide and the age standardized incidence can reach 0.0994% in North America. It is lower in East Europe, South America, South Africa and West Asia, but it is increasing too. The lowest morbidity is in most African countries. But in low-income and mid-income countries, since the extension of life expectancy, aggravation of urbanization and the adoption of western lifestyle, the breast cancer morbidity keeps increasing in past several years. And due to the lack of proper diagnose and treatment facilities in underdeveloped countries, the survival rate of breast cancer patients is relatively low. Like in 2008, the survival rate of breast cancer patients in low-income countries was less than 40%, while that in North America, Sweden and Japan was 80% or even higher.

談起乳腺癌,也許有人認為那不過是眾多癌癥中的一種,不會輕易降臨到自己身上,于是繼續忙工作、忙生活,倘若偶然聽到患乳腺癌的明星去世,停下來說一句“好可惜”,轉而又開始匆匆忙忙專注于那些“還未完成的事業”。其實乳腺癌是全世界婦女最常見的癌癥,乳腺癌中99%發生在女性身上,男性僅占1%。據世界衛生組織的數據顯示,乳腺癌占所有婦女癌癥的16%。據統計,2012年全球有170萬婦女被診斷患有乳腺癌,超過52萬人因罹患乳腺癌而死亡。近幾十年來,乳腺癌的發病率呈上升趨勢,通常情況下,在富裕國家比貧窮國家上升得更快。同時,乳腺癌也是婦女死亡率較高的癌癥,每8例癌癥死亡病例中就有一例為乳腺癌。世界衛生組織的數據顯示,自2008年起,全球每年乳腺癌病例以超過20%的速度增長,而死亡率每年增長14%。

在全球范圍內,乳腺癌的發病率相差很大,年齡標化發病率在北美洲能達到0.0994%。而東歐、南美洲、非洲南部和西亞的發病率略低,卻也在增長。最低的發病率出現在多數非洲國家。但在低收入和中等收入國家,由于期望壽命的延長、城市化的加劇以及對西方生活方式的采用,乳腺癌的發病率在過去若干年以來一直不斷上升。并且由于不發達國家缺少適當的診斷和治療設施,這些國家中乳腺癌患者的存活率也相對較低。如2008年低收入國家乳腺癌患者存活率僅有40%以下,而北美、瑞典和日本等發達國家存活率可高達80%甚至以上。

Take China as an example, the China’s Breast Cancer Status Report in the recent authoritative medical journal the Lancet’s tumor special said that, in every 100 new diagnosed breast cancer cases, there are 12 from China, the new morbidity growth rate of which is twice of that of the world and the average onset age is 10-15 years earlier than that of western countries. Shao Zhimin, director of breast surgery of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, said that, breast cancer is of the highest morbidity of females in China and is increasing in these years with a younger trend. It is estimated that, till 2030, the breast cancer cases in China will reach 234,000, 31.15% more than that in 2008.

When seeing this numbers, do you still feel breast cancer is far away from you? Maybe when thinking back, in our life, we always hear the news of breast cancer of famous people or relatives or friends. The importance of breast to women goes without saying. The unfortunate women with breast cancer will not only face the hurts and damage physically, but also the mental misery after the removal of breast, even in some extreme situation C the spread of cancer cells and the loss of precious life. Although the morbidity of breast cancer is high and not timely treatment will bring serious result, we need not to “be panic when talking about it”. As long as it can be found at the early stage and diagnosed and treated in a proper way, it has relatively high cure rate.

以中國為例,在近期的權威醫學期刊《柳葉刀》的腫瘤特刊上,《中國乳腺癌現狀報告》顯示,全球每100個新確診的乳癌病例中,有12個來自中國,新發病率增長速度是世界平均水平的2倍,平均發病年齡比西方國家早10-15年。上海復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫院乳腺外科主任邵志敏表示,乳腺癌是中國女性發病率最高的癌癥類型,其發病率在近幾年呈逐年遞增之勢,且年輕化趨勢顯著。預計到2030年,中國女性乳腺癌發病數將達23.4萬例,比2008年上升31.15%。

看到這一串數據,你是否還會覺得乳腺癌離你很遙遠?或許可以回想一下,在我們的生活中,似乎總能聽到周遭名人或者身邊親戚朋友患乳腺癌的案例。對于女性的重要性是不言而喻的,不幸得了乳腺癌的女性不僅將面對身體上的疼痛和摧殘,有的還將面臨由手術切除之后帶來的心理傷害,甚至出現更極端的情況――癌細胞擴散轉移,最終失去寶貴的生命。雖然乳腺癌的發病率較高,不及時治療會造成嚴重的后果,但也不需要“談之色變”,只要能夠及時在早期發現,并作出適當的診斷和治療,乳腺癌還是會有著較高的治愈率。

The mystery of breast cancer

乳腺癌之謎

The death of Yao Beina makes people regret the impermanence of life. Famous people like Chen Xiaoxu, Li Yuanyuan, Yefan, A Sang…are all died of it in a young age. Besides, Chinese and foreign stars like Cai Qin, Wang Mingquan, the former first lady of America Nancy Regan, Shirley Temple and Kylie Minogue were all doomed to have this disease. But they survived the struggle with the cancer, defeated it and continued the glorious life. Of course, there are thousands of ordinary people, who suffered imaginable pains because of breast cancer.

When talking about the reason of the disease, it is still a mystery. But like other related cases, breast cancer has its “preference”. Women that have family genetic history, long time smoke and drink, eat high fat diet, never do sports, are of long-term pressure, are in polluted areas or contact with hormones are easy to be targeted. For genetic inheritance, scientists found that, the variation of susceptibility gene BRCA1and BRCA2 would largely increase the risk of women to have breast cancer, but only less than 10% patients have this gene. The morbidity rate of breast cancer in Southeast Asia and African countries is 5 times lower than that in developed countries, which makes people to guess if the lifestyle of women in developed countries let them be easier to get breast cancer. Dr. Tim Key, epidemiologists and cancer experts of Oxford University said that, “we cannot say some groups are immune for this disease genetically, because, if people move from poor countries to rich countries, after one or two generations, the morbidity of them would be the same as that of western people. This is related to lifestyle.”

姚貝娜的離開讓人感慨生命的無常,回顧一下那些患過乳腺癌的名人,演員陳曉旭、李媛媛,歌手葉凡、阿桑……都因乳腺癌而香消玉殞。此外還有蔡琴、汪明荃、美國前第一夫人南希?里根,美國演員秀蘭?鄧波兒,歌手凱莉?米洛等中外明星,也都難逃厄運。但她們在與病痛的斗爭中堅持了下來,戰勝了乳腺癌,延續了生命的光彩。當然還有千千萬萬的普通人,也曾因乳腺癌承受著我們難以想象的折磨。

說起乳腺癌的病因,目前仍是一個謎。但是,和其他相關病例一樣,乳腺癌也有格外“青睞”的人群。有家族遺傳史,長期吸煙飲酒、高脂飲食、疏于運動、長期壓力過大及處于污染生活環境中和長期接觸激素的女性,都更容易中招。針對基因遺傳,科學家發現,乳腺癌易感基因BRCA1和BRCA2的變異確實會大大增加女性患乳腺癌的風險,但僅有不到10%的乳腺癌患者攜帶遺傳性突變基因。一些東南亞國家和非洲國家的乳腺癌發病率比發達國家要低五倍,讓人不禁要猜想是否發達國家女性的生活方式使他們更有可能患乳腺癌?牛津大學流行病學家和癌癥專家Tim Key博士說:“不能說有哪些人群從基因上就對該病免疫,因為我們知道,如果人們從窮國移居富國,一兩代人之后,他們的發病率就和西方人一樣了。這和人們的生活方式有關。”

Then, how “lifestyle” affects the high morbidity of breast cancer? Studies show that, obesity and alcohol consumption are related to breast cancer. Dr. Key said, “the level of estrogen (hormone) in the blood of fat women is higher since fat cells to produce estrogen.” Estrogen will stimulate the growth of breast cancer tumor. Alcohol also is related to the increase of hormone in blood and maybe leads to the rise of risks of having breast cancer. Besides, birth condition all leads to the difference in breast cancer risks worldwide. Such as in some places of Africa, the morbidity is low because women there give birth to children in a very young age and do breast feeding, which lower down the estrogen level as well as the risks of getting breast cancer. What’s more, Dr.Philip Landrigan in New York Mount Sinai Medical Center, said that, the more the menstrual cycles, the higher risk of the breast cancer. Women of early puberty and late pregnancy have more menstrual cycles. Hormone Replacement Therapy and oral contraceptive are resource of estrogen and proved to be the dangerous elements for breast cancer, and many chemicals are proved to add the risks of getting cancer.

那么,“生活方式”是如何影響乳腺癌的高發病率的呢。有研究表明,肥胖和飲酒與乳腺癌有關。Key博士說:“肥胖婦女血液中荷爾蒙雌激素的含量更高,因為脂肪細胞會產生雌激素。”而雌激素會刺激大部分乳腺癌腫瘤的生長。酒精也與血液中荷爾蒙含量升高有關,可能就是由于這個原因飲酒也會增加女性患乳腺癌的風險。另外,生育狀況也造成全球乳腺癌風險方面的巨大差異。如非洲一些地方乳腺癌發病率低,因為當地女性較早生育孩子,并且對孩子進行母乳喂養,這樣就降低了女性雌激素水平,從而降低患乳腺癌的風險。此外,紐約西奈山醫療中心的Philip Landrigan博士認為,女性一生經歷的月經周期越多,患乳腺癌的風險就越大,過早進入青春期的女性和過晚懷孕的女性經歷的月經周期會越多。據悉,荷爾蒙替代療法和口服避孕藥都是雌激素來源,而且均有研究證明是患乳腺癌的危險因素,許多化學品也在實驗中被證明會增加人類的致癌風險。

“Iron ladies” have higher risk of breast cancer

“女強人”患乳腺癌風險更高

Besides the above factors for cancer risk, irregular work and rest and depressed mind that cannot be sent out are more influential. Straif, researcher of International Agency for Research on Cancer said, “it is more conclusive of the evidence for reverse shift work day and night leading cancer than chemicals.” He also said, the shift work that lead to destruction of normal sleep habits is listed in the “2 A kind of carcinogen the International Agency for Research on Cancer”, which means it may bring cancer to human beings. Recently published paper further supports a causal relationship between the two. Straif said, “the shift work is frequent in modern society, which is a dangerous elements for the whole group of human beings.” Besides, too much mental pressure, anxiety, less counseling and longtime depression will lead endocrine disorders that may cause breast cancer. Israel scientist Peled’s report on Biomedicine said, he and his colleagues compared 255 breast cancer patients and 367 healthy women of the same age, and they all less than 45 years old. They found that, young women facing with kinds of pressures will have 62% higher risk of getting the disease.

When we looking back the women are or were of breast cancer, maybe can find something in common from the above famous people with same painful experience. No matter the former first lady Nancy Regan or just passed away Yao Beina, they both suited for the definition of “iron lady”. It is not refer to those women with tough looks, but those talented and smart ones, which is a title for women focusing on careers and also achieving success.

除了以上致癌的因素外,對乳腺癌影響更大的是不規律的作息和無法排遣的壓抑情緒。國際癌癥研究機構的研究員Straif說:“有關晝夜顛倒的倒班工作造成乳腺癌的證據比化學品引起乳腺癌的證據更為確鑿。”他還補充說,導致正常睡眠習慣被破壞的倒班工作目前被列為“國際癌癥研究機構2A類致癌物”,也就是說對人類很有可能有致癌性。最近發表的論文進一步支持兩者之間存在因果關系。Straif說:“考慮到現代社會中倒班工作很常見,這可能對整個人群而言都屬于危險因素。”另外,精神壓力過大、焦慮,又沒有及時疏導,長期精神抑郁,導致內分泌功能紊亂也容易招來乳腺癌。以色列科學家佩萊德在網絡雜志《生物醫學》上報告說,他和同事將255名乳腺癌患者與367名同齡健康女性進行了對比研究,他們的年齡均小于45歲。研究人員發現,面臨種種壓力的年輕女性患乳腺癌的風險會增加62%。

反觀一下那些患有或患過乳腺癌的女性,或許如前所列的有過相同痛苦經歷的名人身上,我們多少能找到一些共性。不論是前第一夫人南希?里根還是剛剛去世的姚貝娜,她們基本都符合我們所說的“女強人”定義。“女強人”不一定是外表看上去很強悍的女人,但指的是才能出眾,精明干練的女性,也是對專注事業并獲得成就的女性的一種稱呼。

This kind of “iron lady” can develop to urban women in daily life. They always have strict high standards for themselves or even overcritical. They all wants progress in career and feel too much pressure or depressed due to some obstacles. Besides mental pressure, in their life, they would neglect themselves due to the desperate pursuit of career. Like they are too busy to have meal on time, or even don’t have meal and sometimes eat and drink too much; more and more females often stay very late at night due to work or “era disease”; many white-collar female workers have no time to do sports and the time they sit in front of the desk is more than that of their sleep; when feel too much pressure or have to do social engagement, they would smoke or drink; their over pursuit of external beauty makes them use excessive hormone cosmetics that their skin are stimulated for a long time and leads to hormonal disorders; since not will to delay the development of career, late marriage and child birth are the choice of many career-first woman…so except genetic heritance and variation, all of these elements that may trigger cancer can be found in “iron ladies”.

Another group of statistics: in 2014, there were 187000 breast cancer patients covering 25% of females with cancer. The coastal developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are the “severely afflicted area” of breast cancer, which 7 times of that in less developed middle and western parts. Why developed cities are the high incidence areas of breast cancer? Besides the different living environment, the longtime pressure on people can also be related. White-collar females in big cities always give up the original regular life due to the working pressure. Diet structure disorder, too much mental pressure, especially longtime delay childbearing are all bad elements inducing breast lesions. Some materials show that, the morbidity rate of women never have childbirth is 30% of that of women have had babies; the morbidity rate of non-nursing women is 1.5 times of that of nursing women. So “iron ladies” if do not pay attention to the regular routine and health when pursuing career, they will largely increase the possibility of having breast cancer.

這樣的“女強人”代表可以衍生到日常生活中的都市女性身上。她們往往對自己有著嚴格的高標準,有時甚至過于苛求自己。她們普遍希望自己在事業上有所發展,有時會因為一些阻力受到打擊而導致壓力過大甚至產生抑郁情緒。除了心理上的壓力外,在她們的生活中,很可能因為對事業的極致追求而忽略自身。比如工作太忙讓她們無法按時吃飯,或者有時不吃飯,有時又暴飲暴食;越來越多的女性因為工作或者“時代病”會經常在晚上熬夜;許多白領女性沒有時間去運動,每天坐在辦公桌前的時間也許會多過睡覺的時間;“女強人”們壓力過大或者不得以需要應酬的時候,也許還會抽點煙喝點酒;她們對外在的過分追求也許會讓她們過多使用激素類美容品,肌膚長期受到刺激,導致荷爾蒙分泌紊亂;由于不愿耽誤事業的發展,晚婚晚育也成為多數事業型女人的選擇……由此可見,除了基因遺傳和變異,所有這些也許會引發高致癌的因素,似乎都可以在“女強人”身上捕捉到影子。

再拿一組數據作為支撐:2014年,中國乳腺癌發病人數18.7萬人,占女性癌癥的25%。北京、上海、廣州等沿海一線發達城市是乳腺癌“重災區”,是經濟欠發達的中西部的近7倍。為什么一線發達城市會成為乳腺癌的高發區?除了生活環境不一樣,恐怕與大城市長期給人帶來的壓力也不無關系。居住在大城市的白領女性,往往因為面臨工作壓力,而放棄原有的規律生活。飲食結構紊亂、精神壓力過大,尤其是過長時間推遲生育,都成為誘發乳腺病變的不良因素。有關資料表明,從未生育婦女患該病的危險性比已生育婦女高30%;未哺乳婦女患該病的危險性比哺乳婦女高1.5倍以上。因此“女強人”在對事業的追求中如果不同時注重自身的規律作息和身體健康,在很大程度上會為自己增加許多罹患乳腺癌的概率。

Protect breast and keep away from cancer

保護乳腺遠離癌

Since people don’t fully understand the reason caused breast cancer, the early detection of it is still the foundation of the control of breast cancer. If people can enhance their awareness and have proper diagnose and treatment at the early stage of breast cancer, the possibility of healing is still high. However, “iron ladies” who pay too much attention to career and family can hardly do this. They may be too busy to neglect the physical discomfort and anomalies of themselves or forget to do annual breast examination. They will come to the hospital when there is obvious syndrome, which would largely delay the treatment.

The purpose for examination is to nip in the bud. For malignant tumor like breast cancer, some experts said the death rate can be largely lowered down by early examination of breast and early treatment. Gynecologist Chen Yuman said, it is because the early and regular breast examinations haven’t been done that most breast cancers have developed into malignant tumor and spread to the whole body. In her opinion, urban women from 20 to 40 can check their breast by hands to find if there is lump or abnormalities with the week after the menstruation every month. For women over 40 and of climacteric should have screening mammography every year. This can guarantee health and is an attitude of being responsible for them.

If being diagnosed of breast cancer, the patient should actively corporate with the treatment plan of the doctor and adjust psychological mood in time with less pressure. After the cure, the patient should keep relaxed and happy mood and rest often. Yao Beina died of relapse of breast cancer. Her surgeon once said, “according to the treatment of state of Yao at first, the chance of relapse was less than 5%, but such a low probability became 100% to her.” The first breast cancer surgery of Yao was a success, but she stepped on the stage of competition just after the recovery. Her surgeon Cao Yingming said, when busy, she often forgot to review. Cai said when Yao Beina was known by everyone, she had less rest time and even flew to different cities to perform in very short time, and even sang and danced at the same time. “Yao loved her career too much that she was willing to sacrifice many things,” said Cao. But it never occurred to anyone that Yao sacrificed her life for her career.

由于目前人們尚不完全了解乳腺癌的病因,因此疾病的早期發現仍然是乳腺癌控制工作的基礎。如果能夠提高意識,在乳腺癌早期就發現并作出適當診斷和治療,乳腺癌治愈的可能性還是很高的。而往往對于這一點,過分把重心放在事業和家庭上的“女強人”們卻很難做到。她們也許會因為太忙而忽略掉自己身體上的不適與異常,忘記或者沒有習慣去做每年的檢查,她們通常會等到出現了較明顯的癥狀之后才去醫院就診,這樣大大延誤了乳腺癌的治療。

檢查的目的自然是為了防患于未然。對乳腺癌這樣一種惡性腫瘤,有專家表示可以通過前期檢查乳腺健康狀況,早期發現治療便可以大大降低死亡率。婦科醫生陳玉曼介紹,之所以大多數乳腺癌被確診時都已然發展為惡性腫瘤,并開始全身擴散,其主要原因便是因為前期沒做或者沒有認真定期的進行乳腺癌檢查。在她看來,20至40歲的都市女性,每月月經結束后一周內可以自己用手檢查一下有無腫塊或異常。對于40歲以上和進入更年期的女性,每年去醫院進行一次造影篩查。這樣既保證了身體的健康,也是對自我負責任的態度。

若被診斷出乳腺癌,患者應當積極配合醫生的治療方案,及時調整心理情緒,不給自己過多的壓力,治愈之后也應保持放松和愉快的心情,并應當多休息。姚貝娜死于乳腺癌復發,她的主刀醫生曾說:“根據姚貝娜最初的治療狀態,復發的概率不到5%,可是這么低的概率,在姚貝娜這里卻變成了100%”。姚貝娜第一次的乳腺癌切除手術其實很成功,但她在剛恢復沒多久就踏上了舞臺參加比賽,她的主治醫生曹迎明說,忙起來時,姚貝娜經常忘記了去復查。據曹迎明介紹,姚貝娜在被大家認識后,更加沒有自己休息的時間,經常在短時間內飛到不同的城市演出,甚至邊唱邊跳。“姚貝娜太熱愛自己的事業了,寧可犧牲很多其他東西”,曹迎明說道。可沒想到姚貝娜為了事業,最后卻犧牲掉了自己的生命。

For females without breast cancer, to change into a better lifestyle can achieve effective prevention result. WHO pointed out that: by controlling changeable specific high-risk elements for breast cancer and effectively prevent non-infective disease in an all-round way to improve healthy diet, physical activities and control drinking, overweight and obesity can finally lower down the morbidity of breast cancer in a long time. The research result of Institute of psychology Research Chinese Academy of Sciences also said: in modern life, long-term nervous in work and study, inharmonious in work and family and big unfortunate things in life are three major elements cause cancer. When seeing the pass away stars like A Sang, Chen Xiaoxu and Yao Beina, they all experiences low ebb at certain stage in their life, which seriously affected their mood and brought them strong depression. Some studies show that, the mood affects the immune system of a person that good mood can promote the coordination of organs and the ability to fight against disease while bad mood may lead organ function disorder, reduce the human body immunity, and let the cancer cell get in. The saying that “all diseases come from the heart” also means this. Cui Shude, chief physician of breast surgery in Henan Tumor Hospital said, depression and negative mood may increase milk hormone and may lead to breast cancer. Among breast cancer patients, city overweighs rural area and intellectual women overweigh ordinary working women.

So though we cannot say that there is necessary connection between iron ladies and breast cancer, the elements of irregular work and rest, late marriage and late childbirth, dink family, longtime pressure and negative mood are all increasing the risk of getting breast cancer. It is an admirable thing for women to have their own career and fight for it, but they should not neglect their health for this. “Iron ladies” should care about the changes of their body and look after their mood. They should talk to relatives and friends when feel depressed and do sports and outdoor tourism to distract attention. They should lower the probability of having breast cancer through changing unhealthy lifestyle. When facing breast cancer, we need not to fear irrationally. Protecting breast can start from small things in our daily life. Try to treat our body with a positive and rational mind and understand that a healthy body is the foundation for career and treat it in a good way is the best blessing for us.

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